Autism and cognition within epilepsy: Social matters

Abstract

The association of epilepsy, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and intellectual disability (ID) is well recognized. There is a wide range of social-cognitive deficits that can be identified in epilepsy over the life-span, from ASD in infants with an epileptic encephalopathy, to social-cognitive impairments affecting social interaction and comprehension in those with normal nonsocial cognitive function. Identifying ASD and socialcognitive deficits is an important aspect of comprehensive epilepsy care. There are behavioral and educational interventions that exist to treat ASD and social-cognitive deficits. These behavioral, communication, and educational interventions, in conjunction with medications to treat the seizures, should be considered an integral part of the comprehensive management of epilepsy throughout the life-span. The following are the key points of this review: 1. Autism spectrum disorders and social-cognitive deficits are associated with epilepsy throughout the life-span, and identification of these deficits is an important part of epilepsy care. 2. Children with an epileptic encephalopathy such as infantile spasms are at high risk for developing ASD, and the social-cognitive deficits that precede ASD may be recognized in the first year of life. 3. In epilepsy, the likelihood of developing autism spectrum disorders is highest in those with ID, but there is a wide spectrum of manifestations, from ASD in children with epilepsy and ID, to social-cognitive impairments affecting social interaction and comprehension in those with normal nonsocial cognitive function. 4. Implementation of behavioral, communication, and educational interventions that exist to treat ASD and socialcognitive deficits, along with medications to treat the seizures, should be considered an important part of the comprehensive management of epilepsy throughout the life-span.