Spatial dynamics of natural gas leaks in the United States: Localized impacts, spillover effects, and policy implications for air quality and safety

Abstract

This study examines the localized and regional impacts of natural gas leaks on air quality and safety, with a specific focus on PM2.5 concentrations and incident dynamics across the United States. Using the Spatial Durbin Model, the analysis reveals significant direct and spillover effects of gas leaks, energy intensity, and environmental regulations on air pollution and safety outcomes. The results demonstrate that gas leaks substantially increase local PM2.5 levels, confirming the role of methane emissions in exacerbating particulate pollution. Furthermore, positive spatial spillovers from gas leaks and energy intensity underscore the transboundary nature of air quality challenges, highlighting the necessity of coordinated regional interventions. Conversely, stringent environmental regulations exhibit significant positive spillovers, catalyzing pollution control efforts in neighboring regions. The study offers actionable policy recommendations, including strengthening monitoring systems, advancing interregional cooperation, and integrating sustainable energy practices to address the interconnected challenges of air quality management and climate risk mitigation.