Positive temperature effects on the initiation and intensity of cannibalistic behaviour of larval pike, Esox lucius L. Is cannibalism reflected in otolith fluctuating asymmetry?

Abstract

Cannibalism can be a significant factor limiting the survival of pike, Esox lucius, early life stages in both natural and aquaculture conditions. In the present research, type I cannibalism was studied in pike larvae (size range: 9–32.5 mm standard length, SL) in controlled conditions for 45 days post-hatching (dph). For this purpose, the occurrence of cannibalistic pairs, i.e. prey caught by a cannibal inside the cannibal’s mouth, was monitored for 15 min periods by two observers six times daily. Cannibalism was not observed in fish that still had yolk-sacs, but it did occur as soon as the yolk-sac was absorbed on 5 dph at a body size of 13 mm at 22 °C and 10 dph at a body size of 13.4 mm at 15 °C. The ratio of prey to predator size was on average 87%, but the smallest observed size difference was only 1.3%. The intensity of cannibalistic attacks depended on water temperature with more intense cannibalism at 22 °C than at 15 °C, and no cannibalism at 10 °C. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in all three sagittal otolith size parameters (area, width, and length) was higher in prey than in cannibals, the differences were not statistically significant.