Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis

Abstract

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is an uncommon disorder in the general population. At least 1 risk factor can be identified in 85% of patients with CVT. Because of the high frequency of thrombophilia among patients with CVT, screening for hypercoagulable conditions should be performed. Two pathophysiological mechanisms contribute to their highly variable clinical presentation. Four major syndromes have been described: isolated intracranial hypertension, focal neurological abnormalities, seizures, and encephalopathy. Cavernous sinus thrombosis represents the single CVT which produces a characteristic clinical syndrome. Head Computed Tomography is the most frequently performed imaging study, but Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the head combined with Magnetic Resonance venography are the most sensitive studies. Acute phase therapy for CVT focuses on anticoagulation, management of seizures, increased intracranial pressure, and prevention of cerebral herniation. The majority of patients have a complete or partial recovery, however they have an increased incidence of venous thromboembolism. Clinical and imaging follow-ups 3–6 months after diagnosis are recommended to assess for recanalization.