Estrogen Regulates the Production of VEGF for Osteoclast Formation and Activity in op/op Mice

Abstract

op/op mice have a severe deficiency of osteoclasts because of lacking functional M-CSF that is an essential factor of osteoclast differentiation and function. We now report that OVX induces osteoclast formation and cures osteopetrosis by increasing the VEGF that regulates osteoclast formation in these mice. Introduction: We have found that estrogen deficiency induced by ovariectomy (OVX) upregulated osteoclast formation in op/op mice. We have recently demonstrated that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) could substitute for macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) in the support of osteoclastic bone resorption in these mice. Therefore, in this study, we wished to assess the effects of VEGF on bone loss induced by OVX in these mice. Materials and Methods: Eight-week-old op/op mice were bilateral OVX or sham-operated. Mice were killed at 8, 10, and 12 weeks of age, and femurs were removed for preparations. Some OVX mice were treated with three consecutive injections of 120 μl/body of VEGF-neutralizing antibody at 12-h intervals starting from 36 h before death at 4 weeks after OVX. VEGFR-1/Fc chimeric protein (600 μg/kg/day) or 17β-estradiol (0.16 μg/day) was administered in a dorsal subcutaneous pocket of the mice at the time of OVX. These mice were killed 2 weeks after surgery. Changes of serum levels of VEGF were measured by ELISA. Changes of mRNA levels of VEGF, Flt-1, interleukin-6, and osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF/TRANCE/RANKL) in bone tissue were measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Results: In OVX op/op mice, trabecular bone volume of the femur was decreased, and the number of osteoclasts was significantly increased. Serum levels of VEGF were demonstrated to be higher in OVX mice than in sham-operated mice. VEGF mRNA, Flt-1 mRNA, interleukin-6 mRNA, and RANKL mRNA levels in bone tissue were elevated in OVX mice over that in sham-operated mice. The increase in osteoclast number was inhibited by VEGF antagonist treatment in OVX mice. Conclusions: In this study, we have demonstrated that the production of VEGF and RANKL stimulated by OVX results in increased osteoclast formation in op/op mice.