Clinical Role of Microembolic Signals in Adult Moyamoya Disease With Ischemic Stroke

Abstract

Background and Purpose - Hemodynamic compromise has been implicated in moyamoya disease (MMD) with transient ischemic attacks or ischemic stroke. However, increasing evidence supports the notion that artery-to-artery embolism may also contribute to ischemic events based on microembolic signal (MES) monitoring. Methods - A total of 48 patients aged between 20 and 60 years with newly diagnosed MMD were enrolled and angiographically classified according to the Suzuki staging system. For detection of MESs, transcranial Doppler was performed at the middle cerebral artery bilaterally for a 30-minute period. Mean flow velocities in the middle cerebral artery were also evaluated and categorized into low (<40 cm/s), normal (40-80 cm/s), and high (>80 cm/s). Clinical characteristics, cerebral angiography findings, recent ischemic events within 3 months, and antiplatelet medication were correlated with transcranial Doppler findings. Results - MESs were detected in 11 of the 48 patients (23%), with a frequency of 11 of 89 (12%) examined hemispheres. The mean number of MESs was 2 (range, 1-6). Six of the 11 hemispheres (55%) presented with ischemic strokes or transient ischemic attacks, and 2 (18%) presented with hemorrhagic strokes. The presence of MESs was associated with recent ischemic events (P=0.024) and high mean flow velocities (P=0.016), which was usually observed in Suzuki stage I and II (early-stage MMD). After controlling for age, sex, and antiplatelet medication, both recent ischemic events (odds ratio, 6.294; 95% CI, 1.345-29.457; P=0.019) and high mean flow velocities (odds ratio, 6.172; 95% CI, 1.235-31.25; P=0.027) were found to be independent predictors of MESs. Conclusions - MESs were observed in patients with high mean flow velocities, particularly early-stage MMD and clinically associated with recent ischemic events. A randomized controlled study is necessary to determine the efficacy of antiplatelet agents in the treatment of MES-positive MMD.