A Novel Flavonoid C-Glycosides Integrated Tablet for Improved Dissolution, Pancreatic Repair, and Insulin Mediated Glucose Regulation in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Abstract

Flavonoid C-glycosides (FCGs) are polyphenols with a stable C–C glycosidic bond, known for antidiabetic and antioxidant effects. However, their poor water solubility and low dissolution limit oral bioavailability. To overcome these limitations, a tablet formulation (Cassia mimosoide-formulation batch 4, CM F4) was developed using a FCG-rich ethyl acetate extract of Cassia mimosoides L. (CM-EA), a plant traditionally known for its antidiabetic properties. The optimized formulation improved tablet disintegration, stability, and significantly enhanced FCG release, confirmed by in vitro dissolution and HPLC analysis. In high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, CM F4 reduced fasting blood glucose, improved glucose tolerance, restored pancreatic β-cell architecture, and increased insulin levels. It also modulated key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes and upregulated insulin signaling proteins, particularly PI3K/AKT and AMPK pathways. This study presents CM F4 as a novel tablet formulation that enhances the dissolution and in vivo antidiabetic efficacy of plant-derived FCGs, offering a promising phytopharmaceutical approach for type 2 diabetes management.