Effects of the Brookite Phase on the Properties of Different Nanostructured TiO2 Phases Photocatalytically Active Towards the Degradation of N-Phenylurea

Abstract

Different sol-gel synthesis methods were used to obtain four nanostructured mesoporous TiO2 samples for an efficient photocatalytic degradation of the emerging contaminant N-phenylurea under either simulated solar light (1 Sun) or UV light. Particularly, two TiO2 samples were obtained by means of as many template-assisted syntheses, whereas other two TiO2 samples were obtained by a greener template-free procedure, implying acidic conditions and, then, calcination at either 200 °C or 600 °C. In one case, anatase was obtained, whereas in the other three cases mixed crystalline phases were obtained. The four TiO2 samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (followed by Rietveld analysis); Transmission Electron Microscopy; N2 adsorption/desorption at −196 °C; Diffuse Reflectance UV/Vis spectroscopy and ζ-potential measurements. A commercial TiO2 powder (i. e., Degussa P25) was used for comparison. Differences among the synthesized samples were observed not only in their quantitative phase composition, but also in their nanoparticles morphology (shape and size), specific surface area, pore size distribution and pHIEP (pH at isoelectric point), whereas the samples band-gap did not vary sizably. The samples showed different photocatalytic behavior in terms of N-phenylurea degradation, which are ascribed to their different physico-chemical properties and, especially, to their phase composition, stemming from the different synthesis conditions.