Deep Learning-Based Food Quality Estimation Using Radio Frequency-Powered Sensor Mote

Abstract

In the past decades, the emerging concern about food safety has led to the increasing demand for monitoring food quality across the world. Aiming towards a novel solution for monitoring food, this study proposes a non-destructive method with self-powering capability for online food monitoring, which can be extendable to IoT applications. Furthermore, the study introduces a novel deep neural network model to predict different states of food quality based on the monitoring results. To monitor the variation in food quality, the paper proposes the detection of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) inside the food packages, which have been released during food deterioration. A low-power sensor mote comprised of a capacity humidity sensor and a metal-oxide (MOX) gas sensor was manufactured for this purpose. The self-powering capability of the mote is provided through an energy harvester module, which benefits from the far-field Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting (RFEH) technology. The operating frequency of the module was chosen at the 915-MHz ISM band. The analysis of the harvester performance showed that the harvester could generate 3.3-V dc with an RF input power of as low as -8 dBm, which was sufficient for the mote operation. To verify the proposed solutions, a demonstration to monitor the deterioration of packaged pork and fish was conducted in eight days under ambient and refrigerated storage conditions, using the self-developed RF-powered sensor mote. The raw variations in TVOCs were analyzed to evaluate the reliability of the proposed TVOC-based method. A one-dimensional (1-D) convolutional neural network (CNN) model was trained on the TVOCs dataset to predict different states of food quality. To investigate the applicability of the proposed 1-D CNN to multi-class determination of food quality, two other supervised machine learning algorithms using 2-D inputs, including Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), and Support Vector Machine (SVM), are studied. Their classification accuracies based on the confusion matrix are identified and compared.