UAV-based height measurement and height–diameter model integrating taxonomic effects: exploring vertical structure of aboveground biomass and species diversity in a Malaysian tropical forest

Abstract

The complex stratification of tropical forests is a key feature that directly contributes to high aboveground biomass (AGB) and species diversity. This study aimed to explore the vertical patterns of AGB and tree species diversity in the tropical forest of Pasoh Forest Reserve, Malaysia. To achieve this goal, we used a combination of field surveys and drone technology to gather data on species diversity, tree height ( H ), and tree diameter at breast height ( D ). As all trees in the 6 ha plot were tagged and identified, we used the data to classify the taxonomy and calculate species diversity indices. We used unmanned aerial vehicle-based structure-from-motion photogrammetry to develop a Digital Canopy Height Model to accurately estimate H . The collected data and previous datasets were then used to develop Bayesian height–diameter (HD) models that incorporate taxonomic effects into conventional allometric and statistical models. The best models were selected based on their performance in cross-validation and then used to estimate AGB per tree and the total AGB in the plot. Results showed that taxonomic effects at the family and genus level improved the HD models and consequent AGB estimates. The AGB was the highest in the higher layers of the forest, and AGB was largely contributed by larger trees, especially specific families such as Dipterocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Fabaceae. In contrast, species diversity was the highest in the lower layers, whereas functional diversity was the highest in the middle layers. These contrasting patterns of AGB and species diversity indicate different roles of forest stratification and layer-specific mechanisms in maintaining species diversity. This study highlights the importance of considering taxonomic effects when estimating AGB and species diversity in tropical forests. These findings underscore the need for a more comprehensive understanding of the complex stratification of tropical forests and its impact on the forest ecosystem.