Measurement report: Observation-based formaldehyde production rates and their relation to OH reactivity around the Arabian Peninsula

Abstract

Formaldehyde (HCHO) is the most abundant aldehyde in the troposphere. While its background mixing ratio is mostly determined by the oxidation of methane, in many environments, especially in the boundary layer, HCHO can have a large variety of precursors, in particular biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their oxidation products. Here we present shipborne observations of HCHO, hydroxyl radical (OH) and OH reactivity (R(OH)), which were obtained during the Air Quality and Climate Change in the Arabian Basin (AQABA) campaign in summer 2017. The loss rate of HCHO was inferred from its reaction with OH, measured photolysis rates and dry deposition. In photochemical steady state, the HCHO loss is balanced by production via OH-initiated degradation of VOCs, photolysis of oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) and the ozonolysis of alkenes. The slope αeff from a scatter plot of the HCHO production rate versus the product of OH and R(OH)eff (excluding inorganic contribution) yields the fraction of OH reactivity that contributes to HCHO production. Values of αeff varied between less than 2% in relatively clean air over the Arabian Sea and the southern Red Sea and up to 32% over the polluted Arabian Gulf (also known as Persian Gulf), signifying that polluted areas harbor a larger variety of HCHO precursors. The separation of R(OH)eff into individual compound classes revealed that elevated values of αeff coincided with increased contribution of alkanes and OVOCs, with the highest reactivity of all VOCs over the Arabian Gulf.