Different predictive tools for the bovine respiratory disease and it's unfavorable outcomes

Abstract

In this review, the literature was searched to give insight into the predictive tools used for the Bovine respiratory disease "BRD" and its detrimental outcomes. BRD continues to be the most economically significant disease in feedlots and one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in dairy and veal calves. Despite the use of new-generation antimicrobials, vaccines, prophylactic and metaphylactic strategies in the past decade, the prevalence of BRD has been reported to increase. Challenges regarding early, accurate diagnosis and prognosis of diseased cases are raised to avoid misclassification "false negative cases" also non-prudent use of antimicrobials "false positives".Thoracic ultrasonography "TUS" and blood haptoglobin were able to predict cases at high risk of being morbid also diseased ones at risk of detrimental outcomes. Future large scaled on-field studies will help in proposing a schematic criterion for BRD prognostic tools.