Implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) and Renewable Energy Technologies in an Automated Monitoring System for Tilapia Fish Aquaculture to Achieve Food and Energy Independence

Abstract

Tilapia aquaculture faces challenges in energy efficiency, water quality stability, and operational management, which is often conducted manually and lacks sustainability. This study aims to develop an automated and Internet of Things (IoT)-based monitoring system for tilapia fish aquaculture that is intelligent, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly. The system is designed with multi-stage filtration processes to maintain optimal water quality and is equipped with pH, TDS, temperature, ammonia, and water level sensors integrated with IoT technology for real-time monitoring and control. The automation mechanism includes the operation of pumps, solenoid valves, and feeding systems based on sensor data, while all processes can be monitored and managed remotely through an IoT interface. Experimental results show that the system effectively maintains water parameters within optimal ranges: pH between 6.8–7.2, TDS between 280–320 ppm, temperature between 27–30°C, and ammonia levels below 0.5 mg/L, with stable water levels between 40–50 cm. The automated control operates efficiently, adjusting pump and valve cycles responsively according to environmental fluctuations. The integration of automation, IoT, and renewable energy technologies has proven to improve operational efficiency, maintain environmental stability, and support the achievement of food and energy independence in sustainable aquaculture systems.