Patient Experiences with Clostridioides difficile Infection and Its Treatment: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

Introduction: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a globally recognized cause of morbidity and mortality with devastating effects on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The objective of this study was to conduct the first systematic literature review (SLR) to assess the humanistic burden of CDI on patient experiences, including HRQoL and related constructs, and attitudes towards treatment alternatives. Methods: An SLR was conducted to identify peer-reviewed articles that assessed CDI, including recurrent CDI (rCDI), and patient-reported outcomes or HRQoL. PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Collaboration abstracting services were used to conduct literature searches from 2010 to 2021 in the English language. This SLR was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) criteria. Results: Of 511 identified articles, 21 met study inclusion criteria. The SLR showed CDI has a devastating impact on patients’ overall HRQoL that continues well beyond infection clearance. The impact of CDI on physical, emotional, social, and professional well-being rivaled abdominal symptoms of uncontrollable diarrhea, being worse for patients with rCDI. Patients with CDI feel isolated, depressed, lonely, and continue to be frightened of recurrences as well as being contagious to others. Most believe that they will never be free of CDI. Conclusion: CDI and rCDI are debilitating conditions affecting physical, psychological, social, and professional functioning of patients’ HRQoL, even long after the event has occurred. The results of this SLR suggest that CDI is a devastating condition in need of better prevention strategies, improved psychological support, and treatments that address the microbiome disruption to break the cycle of recurrence. Additional safe and effective therapies are needed to address this unmet medical need.