Wearable ultrasound: a review of core technologies and clinical applications in cardiovascular monitoring

Abstract

Wearable technology is breaking the confines of skin-surface monitoring, moving towards deep-tissue physiological insights. Within this evolution, wearable ultrasound is emerging as a transformative technology, offering a non-invasive and real-time window into deep physiological dynamics. This review systematically deconstructs the technological framework of a complete wearable ultrasound system. It provides an in-depth analysis of the system’s three core components: (1) conformal transducers, examining progress in materials, microfabrication, and the critical trade-off between acoustic performance and mechanical compliance; (2) miniaturized hardware systems, detailing design strategies to resolve the fundamental conflict among processing power, energy efficiency, and form factor; and (3) advanced algorithms, highlighting their role as essential compensatory systems for ensuring data integrity in dynamic environments. Finally, the clinical power of this integrated technology stack is demonstrated through a comprehensive survey of its cardiovascular applications. By systematically analyzing the core technologies and future challenges, this review offers a forward-looking perspective on the evolution of wearable ultrasound, charting its path toward becoming a cornerstone of continuous, personalized health management. (Figure presented.)