Distribution of xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase specificity types among bacteria

Abstract

A diverse collection of xanthine metabolizing bacteria was examined for xanthine, 1 methylxanthine, and 3 methylxanthine oxidizing activity. Both particulate and soluble fractions of extracts from aerobically grown gram negative bacteria exhibited oxidation of all 3 substrates; however, when facultative gram negative bacteria were grown anaerobically, low particulate and 3 methylxanthine activities were detected. Gram positive and obligately anaerobic bacteria showed no particulate activity or 3 methylxanthine oxidation. Substrate specificity studies indicate 2 types of enzyme distributed among the bacteria along taxonomic lines, although other features indicate diversity of the enzyme within these 2 major groups. The soluble and particulate enzymes from Pseudomonas putida and the enzyme from Arthrobacter S 2 were examined as type examples with a series of purine analogues differing in the number and position of oxygen groups. Each preparation was active with a variety of compounds, but the compounds and position attacked by each enzyme was different, both from the other enzymes examined and from previously investigated enzymes. The soluble enzyme from Pseudomonas was inhibited in a competitive manner by uric acid, whereas the Arthrobacter enzyme was not. This was correlated with the ability of Pseudomonas, but not Arthrobacter, to incorporate radioactivity from [2 14C]uric acid into cellular material.