Prolonged duration of post-traumatic amnesia: A sensitive classification for predicting cognitive outcomes in children recovering from traumatic brain injury

Abstract

Objective: A paucity of data exists regarding the duration of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) as a predictor of cognitive functioning among children after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The study aimed to assess the relationship between PTA duration and areas of neurocognitive function among the pediatric population in the sub-acute phase of recovery and rehabilitation. Methods: Data were collected from medical files on 103 children aged 5.5-16.5 hospitalized at a pediatric rehabilitation department with a diagnosis of moderate-severe TBI (msTBI) between the years 2004-2019. The Children Orientation and Amnesia Test was used to evaluate PTA duration. Measures of high-order cognitive abilities of attention and executive function were collected using the Test of Everyday Attention-Child version (TEA-Ch). Results: Three PTA duration groups were assembled out of a cluster analysis: Long PTA (M = 21 days), Very Long PTA (M = 47 days), and Extremely Long PTA (M = 94 days). Analyses revealed that the Long PTA group preformed significantly better than the Very Long PTA and Extremely Long PTA groups on all TEA-Ch measures, that is, Selective Attention, Attentional Control Switching, and Sustained Attention. Conclusions: This study is the first to demonstrate that PTA duration is a useful predictor of high-order cognitive functions among children with msTBI in the sub-acute phase of recovery and rehabilitation. The findings emphasize the importance of using a more sensitive classification of prolonged PTA durations to improve outcome prediction and allocation of resources to those who can benefit most after severe brain injuries.