Impact of Housing Conditions and Air Quality Awareness with Indoor PM2.5 Levels in Urban Jodhpur

Abstract

Indoor air pollution poses a major public health concern in India, particularly among urban populations exposed to high levels of particulate matter. This study aimed to assess the influence of housing conditions and awareness on indoor particulate matter (PM2.5) levels in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. A cross-sectional study was conducted across 12 households representing slum, low-, middle-, and high-income groups, as well as commercial and industrial areas. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations were continuously monitored over a one-year period using pre-calibrated AirVisual Pro devices. Awareness regarding indoor air pollution and preventive measures was evaluated through structured questionnaires administered before and after an awareness intervention. The findings revealed that effective ventilation and good hygiene practices significantly contributed to reducing indoor PM2.5 levels. Poorly ventilated homes, such as House 1 (62 μg/m3) and House 4 (73 μg/m3) exhibited higher pollutant concentrations, while well-ventilated or air-conditioned homes, such as House 2 (46 μg/m3) and House 3 (40 μg/m3) maintained lower levels. The highest concentration (111 μg/m3) was recorded in House 5, which is located near a highway with inadequate ventilation. The awareness component showed a marked improvement in residents’ understanding of air pollution sources, health impacts, and mitigation strategies following real-time monitoring and education sessions. The study concludes that housing ventilation, seasonal behavioral factors, and real-time monitoring play a crucial role in determining indoor air quality. Strengthening building design standards and enhancing public awareness are vital for sustainable indoor air quality management in urban India.