Errors according to the number of registered markers used in navigation-assisted surgery of the mandible

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of navigation according to the number of markers in terms of target registration errors (TREs) at each anatomical location during the registration process of the navigation system for the mandible. Methods: The TREs were measured in five different experiments, varying only in the number of registration reference markers, which ranged from three to seven. To measure the TREs according to the number of registration reference markers, two experimental navigation devices were used: 1) Cbyon navigation surgery equipment 2) Polaris optical tracker. Both experiments were conducted to obtain the TREs at the anatomical locations of the mandible according to the number of registration markers during the navigation process. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 23.0 software. Results: At all anatomical locations, errors were 2 mm or less. Further, significant differences in the target errors measured by the Cbyon system were found according to the number of registration markers. Significant differences in the target errors measured by the Polaris optical tracker were found according to the registration markers at the posterior border only. In both groups, the target errors did not decrease as the number of registration markers increased. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that an increase in the number of registration markers is not associated with a decrease in the TRE, and that a specific number of registration markers could reduce the TREs at each anatomical site. It is important to determine the minimum number of image registration markers at which the smallest TRE would be observed for different surgical sites.