Clinical but Not Histological Outcomes in Males with 45,X/46,XY Mosaicism Vary Depending on Reason for Diagnosis

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Abstract

Context: Larger studies on outcomes in males with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism are rare. Objective: To compare health outcomes in males with 45,X/46,XY diagnosed as a result of either genital abnormalities at birth or nongenital reasons later in life. Design: A retrospective, multicenter study. Setting: Sixteen tertiary centers. Patients or Other Participants: Sixty-three males older than 13 years with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism. Main Outcome Measures: Health outcomes, such as genital phenotype, gonadal function, growth, comorbidities, fertility, and gonadal histology, including risk of neoplasia. Results: Thirty-five patients were in the genital group and 28 in the nongenital. Eighty percent of all patients experienced spontaneous pubertal onset, significantly more in the nongenital group (P = 0.023). Patients were significantly shorter in the genital group with median adult heights of 156.7 cm and 164.5 cm, respectively (P = 0.016). Twenty-seven percent of patients received recombinant human GH. Forty-four patients had gonadal histology evaluated. Germ cells were detected in 42%. Neoplasia in situ was found in five patients. Twenty-five percent had focal spermatogenesis, and another 25.0% had arrested spermatogenesis. Fourteen out of 17 (82%) with semen analyses were azoospermic; three had motile sperm. Conclusion: Patients diagnosed as a result of genital abnormalities have poorer health outcomes than those diagnosed as a result of nongenital reasons. Most patients, however, have relatively good endocrine gonadal function, but most are also short statured. Patients have a risk of gonadal neoplasia, and most are azoospermic, but almost one-half of patients has germ cells present histologically and up to one-quarter has focal spermatogenesis, providing hope for fertility treatment options.

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Ljubicic, M. L., Jørgensen, A., Acerini, C., Andrade, J., Balsamo, A., Bertelloni, S., … Juul, A. (2019). Clinical but Not Histological Outcomes in Males with 45,X/46,XY Mosaicism Vary Depending on Reason for Diagnosis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 104(10), 4366–4381. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-02752

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