A Review on Terminalia catappa: A Natural Source of Bioactive Compounds

Abstract

Terminalia catappa is a tropical medicinal plant traditionally used across its native regions for treating various health conditions. This review systematically consolidates and evaluates recent research 2002–2025 on the phytochemical composition and therapeutic potential of Terminalia catappa, highlighting its role as a source of natural antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and anticancer agents. Phytochemical investigations have identified a rich profile of constituents in its leaves, bark, seeds, and fruits, including hydrolyzable tannins (punicalagin, ellagic acid), flavonoids (quercetin, rutin), phenolic acids (gallic acid, caffeic acid), triterpenoids, and alkaloids. These compounds are directly responsible for the plant's wide-ranging pharmacological activities. The extract's potent antioxidant capacity is demonstrated through strong radical scavenging and metal-chelating abilities. Terminalia catappa also exhibits notable anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting key enzymes and cytokines, as well as promising antidiabetic properties through blood glucose regulation and pancreatic protection. The plant also shows broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi. Importantly, emerging evidence highlights its anticancer potential, with extracts capable of inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, migration, and inducing apoptosis. The evidence presented emphasizes Terminalia catappa as a promising natural source for developing nutraceuticals and pharmaceutical agents. Future research should focus on systematic clinical evaluation, isolation of key bioactive compounds, and elucidation of molecular mechanisms to fully harness its therapeutic potential.