Characterization of atrial flutter. Studies in man after open heart surgery using fixed atrial electrodes

Abstract

Studies were performed using bipolar atrial wire electrodes to record atrial electrograms and to pace the atria in 27 patients who developed atrial flutter after open heart surgery. Two types of atrial flutter, classic or type I atrial flutter, and type II atrial flutter, were identified. Both types of atrial flutter were characterized by uniformity of the beat-to-beat atrial cycle length, morphology, polarity, and amplitude of the recorded bipolar atrial electrogram. Both types sometimes manifested a beat-to-beat electrical alternans, which in turn was sometimes associated with an alternans in beat-to-beat cycle length. The initial basis of separation of types I and II atrial flutter was that type I atrial flutter was always influenced by rapid atrial pacing from the high right atrium, and type II atrial flutter was not. Two additional observations suggested that types I and II atrial flutter were different, although related, rhythms: 1) In four patients, type II atrial flutter was present after termination of rapid atrial pacing used to treat type I atrial flutter; 2) in two patients, type II atrial flutter changed to type I atrial flutter in a one-step fashion. The range of rates of the two types of atrial flutter were also different - type I atrial flutter was slower (range 240-338 beats/min) than type II (range 340-433 beats/min). We concluded that type II atrial flutter is a distinct rhythm which may be intermediate between classic, or type I, atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation.