Human alteration of Earth is substantial and growing. Between one-third and one-half of the land surface has been transformed by human action; the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere has increased by nearly 30 percent since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution; more atmospheric nitrogen is fixed by humanity than by all natural terrestrial sources combined; more than half of all accessible surface fresh water is put to use by humanity; and about one-quarter of the bird species on Earth have been driven to extinction. By these and other standards, it is clear that we live on a human-dominated planet. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
CITATION STYLE
Vitousek, P. M., Mooney, H. A., Lubchenco, J., & Melillo, J. M. (2008). Human domination of Earth’s ecosystems. In Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between Humans and Nature (pp. 3–13). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73412-5_1
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