Avascular necrosis of hip: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

Abstract

Osteonecrosis, another name for avascular necrosis [AVN] of the hip, is a pathological disorder that results from the femoral head's blood supply being cut off, which kills bone cells and causes joint degradation. Although people of various ages can be affected, young adults, especially those between the ages of 30 and 50, are most frequently affected. A number of risk factors, such as trauma, the use of corticosteroids, alcohol misuse, and specific illnesses like HIV, sickle cell disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus, are linked to AVN. Although AVN is frequently asymptomatic in its early stages, individuals may develop discomfort, stiffness, and restricted hip joint range of motion as the condition worsens. Imaging methods, including CT, MRI, and X-rays have a significant impact on AVN diagnosis, with MRI being the most sensitive test for early identification. Depending on the disease's stage as well as the patient's age, health, and functional needs, treatment choices might range from conservative measures like rest and medication to surgical procedures including core decompression, osteotomy, and total hip replacement. In order to improve long-term results and stop joint collapse, early diagnosis and management are essential. Even with treatment improvements, AVN is still a major contributor to hip impairment, underscoring the need for more investigation into its aetiology and innovative treatment strategies.