Synthesis of Anti-Alzheimer Molecules: Bridging Chemical Approaches to Pharmaceuticals

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent indication of dementia syndrome. The dementia syndrome commonly manifests as AD. The 2019 World Alzheimer's Report estimates that there are over 50 million people worldwide who have dementia, and that number is projected to increase to 150 million by 2050. AchE (Acetylcholinesterase) and BchE (butyrylcholinesterase) enzymes are responsible for AD, resulting in thinking difficulties, memory loss, and dementia. Researchers are looking at non-toxic, bioactive ChE inhibitors found in nature. Donepezil and galantamine, for example, exclusively target AchE, while rivastigmine and tacrine block both. The development of potential anti-Alzheimer molecules has gained considerable attention in recent years. Keeping in mind, this review enables the synthesis of many hybrid analogs containing sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen as a heterocyclic moiety as potential barriers of AChE and BuChE and structure activity relationship (SAR). This review addresses current advancements in the study of AD, emphasizing straightforward, sustainable synthetic methods for synthesizing anti-AD molecules and their structure-activity relation (SAR). Preclinical and early clinical phases are highlighted, as is the current research on generating powerful and incredibly effective cholinesterase inhibitors by altering existing inhibitors to treat AD.