Spatiotemporal Variation of Land Surface Temperature Retrieved from FY-3D MERSI-II Data in Pakistan

Abstract

The concept of land surface temperature (LST) encompasses both surface energy balance and land surface activities. The study of climate change greatly benefits from an understanding of the geographical and temporal fluctuations of LST. In this study, we utilized an improved version of the TFSW algorithm to retrieve the LST from the Medium resolution spectral imager II (MERSI-II) data for the first time in Pakistan. MERSI-II is a payload for the Chinese meteorological satellite Fengyun 3D (FY-3D), and it has the capability for use in various remote sensing applications such as climate change and drought monitoring, with higher spatial and temporal resolutions. Once the LSTs were retrieved, accuracy of the LSTs were investigated. Later, LST datasets were used to detect the spatiotemporal variations of LST in Pakistan. Monthly, seasonal, and annual datasets were utilized to detect increasing and decreasing LST trends in the regions, with Mann–Kendall and Sen’s slope estimator tool. In addition, we further revealed the long-term spatiotemporal variations of LST by utilizing Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) LST observations. The cross-validation analysis shows that the retrieved LST of MERSI-II was more consistent with the MODIS MYD11A1 LST product compared to the MYD21A1. The spatial distribution of LSTs demonstrates that the mean LST exhibits a pattern of spatial variability, with high values in the southern areas and low values in the northern areas; there are areas that do not follow this trend, possibly due to reasons of elevation and types of land cover also influencing the LST’s spatial distribution. The annual mean LST trend increases in the northern regions and decreases in the southern regions, ranging between −0.013 and 0.019 °C/year. The trend of long-term analysis were also consistent with MERSI-II, excepting region II, with increasing effects. This study will be helpful for various environmental and climate change studies.