Bret analysis of gpcr dimers in neurons and non-neuronal cells: Evidence for inactive, agonist, and constitutive conformations

Abstract

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are dimeric proteins, but the functional consequences of the process are still debated. Active GPCR conformations are promoted either by agonists or constitutive activity. Inverse agonists decrease constitutive activity by promoting inactive conformations. The histamine H3 receptor (H3R) is the target of choice for the study of GPCRs because it displays high constitutive activity. Here, we study the dimerization of recombinant and brain H3R and explore the effects of H3R ligands of different intrinsic efficacy on dimerization. Co-immunoprecipitations and Western blots showed that H3R dimers co-exist with monomers in trans-fected HEK 293 cells and in rodent brains. Bioluminescence energy transfer (BRET) analysis con-firmed the existence of spontaneous H3R dimers, not only in living HEK 293 cells but also in trans-fected cortical neurons. In both cells, agonists and constitutive activity of the H3R decreased BRET signals, whereas inverse agonists and GTPγS, which promote inactive conformations, increased BRET signals. These findings show the existence of spontaneous H3R dimers not only in heterolo-gous systems but also in native tissues, which are able to adopt a number of allosteric confor-mations, from more inactive to more active states.