Glutathione conjugation of nitrogen mustards: In vitro study

Abstract

Rationale: This paper describes an in vitro study designed to identify metabolic biomarkers resulting from the conjugation of nitrogen mustards (NMs) with glutathione (GSH). The method developed is essential in providing evidence in the event of NM exposure in biomedical samples. Methods: The mass spectral characterization of the proposed NMs–GSH conjugates was performed with liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). The final reaction mixtures were analysed in positive electrospray ionisation (ESI) at different incubation times. Results: This study identified three types of conjugates in addition to ethanolamines, the hydrolysis products of NMs. Monoglutathionyl, diglutathionyl and phosphorylated conjugates were produced for each of the NMs, bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine (HN1), bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine (HN2) and tris(2-chloroethyl)amine (HN3). The monoglutathionyl conjugates consisted of HN1-GSH, HN2-GSH and HN3-GSH. The spontaneous and primary conjugates of diglutathionyl were HN1-GSH2, HN2-GSH2 and HN3-GSH2. These included phosphorylated conjugates, namely HN1-GSH-PO4, HN2-GSH-PO4 and HN3-GSH-PO4, as might have formed due to hydrolysis in phosphate buffer. Conclusions: The mass spectral data of all conjugates formed in the presence of all NMs and GSH are reported in this study. These GSH metabolites can be used to confirm NMs toxicity in biological samples such as urine.