From in vitro to in vivo-biofuel cells are maturing

Abstract

Insects and molluscs as future biological drones for military purposes or environmental monitoring systems (see picture)? Two research groups have demonstrated the successful implantation and operation of biofuel cells in snails, clams, and cockroaches. Owing to their simple circulatory systems, these invertebrates could be used in implantation studies without serious physical damage. Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.