Status Pencemaran Logam Berat Timbal dan Kadmium di Sungai Tallo Menggunakan Bioindikator Ikan Nila Oreochromis Niloticus

Abstract

Perairan Sungai Tallo mengalami tekanan dari lingkungan di sepanjang aliran sungai berupa pemukiman, pertambakan, dan pertanian. Disamping itu, beberapa perusahaan diduga melakukan pencemaran dengan membuang limbah cair serta bahan berbahaya dan beracun di sepanjang aliran Sungai Tallo tanpa melalui proses pengolahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa status pencemaran logam berat timbal dan cadmium di perairan Sungai Tallo menggunakan bioindikator ikan nila. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan November 2019-Februari 2021, di perairan Sungai Tallo, Kota Makassar. Pengabilan sampel air dan ikan nila berupa organ hati dan insang dilakukan di tiga stasiun Keramba Jaring Apung, kemudian dianalisis di Laboratorium Balai Besar Industri Hasil Perkebunan Makassar. Parameter kualitas air yang diukur yakni parameter fisika meliputi suhu, kekeruhan, kecerahan, kecepatan arus dan kedalaman, sedangkan parameter kimia meliputi pH, oksigen terlarut, salinitas, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, amoniak, nitrat, timbal dan kadmium. Selanjutnya parameter biologi organ ikan nila, yaitu organ hati dan insang. Data yang dianalisis berupa indeks pencemaran lingkungan dan biokonsentrasi faktor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa parameter yang masuk ke dalam kategori cemar ringan yaitu oksigen terlarut, logam berat timbal, dan kadmium, cemar sedang yaitu suhu dan Biochemical Oxygen Demand, serta cemar berat yaitu amoniak. Sedangkan kategori baik yaitu kedalaman, kecepatan arus, kecerahan, pH, dan salinitas. Nilai biokonsentrasi faktor tertinggi logam berat timbal pada organ insang yaitu umur pemeliharaan satu bulan dan yang terendah umur pemeliharaan empat bulan. Nilai biokonsentrasi faktor logam berat kadmium pada organ insang dan hati memiliki nilai yang sama untuk semua waktu pemeliharaan. The waters of the Tallo River experience pressure from the environment along the river in the form of settlements, aquaculture, and agriculture. In addition, several companies are suspected of polluting by disposing of liquid waste as well as hazardous and toxic materials along the Tallo River without going through a processing process. This study aims to analyze the pollution status of lead and cadmium heavy metals in the waters of the Tallo River using tilapia bioindicators. This research was conducted in November 2019-February 2021, in the waters of the Tallo River, Makassar City. Water samples and tilapia in the form of liver and gills were carried out at three floating net cages stations, then analyzed at the Makassar Plantation Product Industrial Center Laboratory. The water quality parameters measured were physical parameters including temperature, turbidity, brightness, current speed and depth, while chemical parameters included pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, ammonia, nitrate, lead and cadmium. Furthermore, the biological parameters of tilapia organs, namely the liver and gills. The data analyzed in the form of environmental pollution index and bioconcentration factors. The results showed that the parameters that fall into the category of light pollutants are dissolved oxygen, heavy metals lead, and cadmium, moderate pollutants are temperature and Biochemical Oxygen Demand, and heavy pollutants are ammonia. While the good categories are depth, current velocity, brightness, pH, and salinity. The highest bioconcentration value of lead heavy metal in the gills was one month of rearing age and the lowest was four months of rearing age. The value of the heavy metal factor cadmium bioconcentration in the gills and liver had the same value for all rearing timesdecisions.