A Survey of Hybrid Circuit Breakers: Component-Level Insights to System-Wide Integration

Abstract

This survey provides a comprehensive review of hybrid circuit breakers and their applications in 1 kV to 800 kV, both alternating current and direct current systems. The paper introduces the research motivation and key applications of hybrid circuit breakers, followed by a detailed analysis on the generic structure and operation principles of four core components: the mechanical switch, the semiconductor devices, the energy absorbers, and the commutation switch. Critical challenges on the optimization of each component are identified and potential solutions are suggested. Moreover, the paper innovatively summarizes the system-level considerations that are critical for the holistic development of hybrid circuit breakers, such as current sensing, control latency, hardware in the loop validation, and integration of multiple HCBs for multi-terminal DC system protections. This review seeks to provide design considerations and streamline the prototyping process of hybrid circuit breakers from the component, topology and system integration perspectives, which will benefit the advanced protection equipment in emerging systems such as renewable energy integration, electrified transportation, and multi-port power systems.