Terminal velocity of fern and lycopod spores is affected more by mass and ornamentation than by size

Abstract

Premise: Terminal velocity (Vt) is an important factor for the dispersal of biological particles but has scarcely been studied for anemochorous fern spores, and the influence of spore characteristics on Vt has not been evaluated. Here, we measured the Vt of 1234 spores of 18 fern species and two Selaginella microspores using videoimaging analysis and evaluated the effects of mass, size, and ornamentation on Vt. Methods: We designed a sedimentation tower with a graduated microtelescope attached to a high-speed video camera to record falling particles and measure the Vt of fern spores using video-image processing software. Spores were measured for each species and their size correlated with Vt. Results: The Vt of fern spores ranged from 4.7 cm·s−1 (Cyathea costaricensis) to 18.85 cm·s−1 (Acrostichum danaeifolium). The method is accurate and reliable as predicted by Stokes model for glass beads of known density and size. In addition, Vt had a higher correlation coefficient with mass (ρ = 0.72) than size (ρ = 0.20), and ornamental appendages reduced Vt. Conclusions: The reported values of Vt of fern spores are within the range of different biological airborne particles such as moss spores and pollen grains of seed plants. The results showed that spore ornamentation is directly related to Vt rather than spore size and may increase or decrease the drag. This method will aid future aerobiological research on biological particles.