Cystic Prolactinoma: A Surgical Disease?

Abstract

Objective: Since the advent of dopamine agonists, prolactinomas have been primarily treated medically. However, studies show conflicting data on whether these agents are as effective as surgery for predominantly cystic prolactinomas. We present a case of a patient with a cystic prolactinoma for which surgery was selected as first-line therapy. Methods: Literature review. Results: A 26-year-old African American man presented to an outside hospital with complaints of dull right-sided headaches for 1 week. The headache worsened over the next few days, which prompted him to go to the emergency room. The evaluation included a head computed tomography, which demonstrated a 4-cm solid/cystic pituitary mass with possible hemorrhagic conversion and compression of the optic chiasm. He was transferred to University of Maryland Medical Center for neurosurgical evaluation. He denied symptoms of pituitary hormone excess or deficiency. He denied visual symptoms, though formal visual field testing demonstrated temporal hemianopia. Hormonal evaluation revealed hyperprolactinemia (prolactin, 1,627 ng/mL) and central hypothyroidism (thyroid-stimulating hormone, 2.72 μIU/mL; free thyroxine, 0.5 ng/dL). Because of the large cystic component of the prolactinoma and clinical evidence for compression of the optic chiasm, the patient underwent transsphenoidal resection of the mass. Postoperatively, the patient was started on bromocriptine for suppression of residual prolactinoma tissue. Notably, the patient developed several complications postoperatively, including diabetes insipidus and secondary hypogonadism. Conclusion: Initial management strategies for cystic prolactinomas have been debated. This case highlights the importance of careful consideration of both medical and surgical treatment options in patients with prolactinomas with large cystic components. Abbreviations: DDAVP = desmopressin; FSH = follicle-stimulating hormone; LIT = luteinizing hormone; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; T4 = thyroxine; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone