Differential interaction of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogues and their 20-epi homologues with the vitamin D receptor

Abstract

An important focus of structure-function studies of synthetic ligands for the vitamin D receptor (VDR) concerns the chiral center at carbon 20 of the steroid side chain; 20-epi analogues are 100-10,000 times more potent transcriptionally than the natural hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25-(OH)2D3). We have compared the binding properties of three pairs of analogues either with a natural (N) or 20-epi (E) orientation. In intact cells, 45-60% of VDR·N-analogue complexes, but only 5-20% of VDR·E-analogue complexes, dissociated over a 3-h interval. The two groups of ligands induced distinct changes in VDR conformation as revealed by protease clipping assays. Mapping of ligand-VDR binding activity by deletions indicated that amino acids 420427 were important for high affinity of VDR-N-analogue complexes, but not for VDR·E-analogue complexes. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that residues 421 and 422 were essential for 1α,25-(OH)2D3-induced conformational changes, high affinity of 1α,25-(OH)2D3 for VDR, and transcriptional activity, but not for binding of its 20-epi analogue. In contrast, deletion of residues 396427 abolished binding of 1α,25-(OH)2D3, but binding of its 20-epi analogue was still detectable. The results suggest that the ligand-binding domain of VDR has multiple and different contact sites for the two families of side chain-modified ligands, resulting in VDR·ligand complexes with different half-lives and transcriptional activities.