Efficient and precise fabrication of Wolter type-I x-ray mirrors via nickel electroforming replication using quartz glass mandrels

Abstract

This study presents an approach for fabricating Wolter type-I mirrors for x-ray telescopes using a nickel electroforming replication process with quartz glass mandrels. The proposed method addresses the challenges encountered in conventional fabrication techniques, which involve using electroless nickel-coated aluminum mandrels that are susceptible to corrosion and thermal deformation. Quartz glass mandrels offer excellent chemical, thermal, and mechanical stability, enabling the efficient production of high-performance mirrors. Wolter type-I mirrors for telescopes possess a large aperture that collects x-ray photons from the universe. However, previous nickel electroforming replication processes using quartz glass mandrels have challenges in fabricating large mirrors, particularly due to bubble pit formation during nickel shell development. In this study, we introduced an efficient pitting inhibition technique via vacuum degassing. This technique facilitates the precise replication of pit-free Wolter type-I mirrors for telescopes using quartz glass mandrels. We demonstrated the fabrication process on a Wolter type-I mirror proposed for FOXSI-4 [(FOXSI) Focusing Optics X-ray Solar Imager], resulting in three mirrors obtained from the same mandrel without repolishing or repairing. The figure error of the mirror was within 1 µm over most areas in both longitudinal and circumferential directions. The ray-tracing simulation indicated that the performance of the mirror was ∼12 arcsec in half-power diameter, comparable to the performance achieved by previous high-resolution x-ray missions.