Remote Sensing Model for Monitoring Trophic State of Al Huweizah Marsh

Abstract

Remote sensing techniques were used to monitor the Trophic State Index (TSI) within Al Huweizah Marsh. The TSI is a function of Secchi depth (SD), which is a function of the spectral reflectance in Blue (TM1) and Red (TM3) spectrum bands. Satellite images of Landsat-7 ETM for February and March-2006 were selected and a series of remote sensing and digital image processing techniques and methods were applied on the selected images to extract the required data from these images. A set of measured SD and obtained spectrum reflectance from the Landsat ETM image of February-2006 were used to perform the calibration process by using the quasi-Newton optimization method. The calibrated model was applied on the marsh area by using the two selected images. Results of applying this model show that the TSI values in most of the Iraqi parts of the marsh are between 40 and 50% and increased in the Iranian and the southern part of the marsh to about 70%. The developed model can be effectively used to estimate the TSI distribution pattern within the marsh. ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻭﻴﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺜﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺴﺱ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻭﻴﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺜﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺅﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﺱ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬. ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺜﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺅﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺯﻤﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻀﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻌﻤﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻔﻴﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻀﺭﺍﺀ‬. ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﺌﻴﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ / ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺴﺱ‬ Landsat-7ETM ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺫﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﻬﺭﻱ‬ 2006 ‫ﻭﻁﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻹﺴﺘﺨﻼﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬  ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬. ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻭﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬-‫ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤل‬ ‫ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ‬. ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺌﻴﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺘﻴﻥ‬. ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺜﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺅﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ‬ 40 % ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ 50 % ‫ﻟﺘﺼل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻴﺭﺍﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ 70 .% ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺜﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺅﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻤﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ .