Nickel Electroplating Bath Using Citric Acid.

Abstract

A new nickel electroplating bath called a "Nickel citrate bath" uses citric acid in place of boric acid. In order to clarify its properties, a Hull cell test and measurements of current efficiency and pH titration curves were performed. The results were compared with those obtained from a Watts bath. The citric acid in a Nickel citrate bath consists of various ratios of citrate ion and nickel-citrate complexes forming complex equilibrium at various pH levels. A Nickel citrate bath with a concentration of citric acid above 0.06 M has a good appearance, current efficiency, and pH buffering action for the bath. The results were almost the same as those obtained with a Watts bath under the same conditions. This result is attributed to interaction of nickel-citrate complexes at the electrode surface in the Nickel citrate bath. 1.•• OE¾ OE» •Ý ‚Ì "d ‹C ƒj ƒb ƒP ƒ‹ ‚ß ‚Á ‚«-• ‚AE ‚µ ‚Ä •L ‚-Žg-p ‚³ ‚ê ‚Ä ‚¢ ‚é WattsŽ•-• ‚Í,1916"N ‚É0.P.Watts‚É ‚ae ‚èŠJ "-‚³ ‚ê1),•‚ "Z "x ‚Ì-° Ž_ ƒj ƒb ƒP ƒ‹ ‚ð ŠÜ ‚Þ-• ‚© ‚ç•s ‚¤ ƒj ƒbƒP ƒ‹ ‚ß ‚Á ‚« ‚AE ‚µ‚Ä,"Y ‰Á •Ü ‚Ì Ží-Þ ‚à'½ ‚- ,-³ OEõ 'ò,"¼ OEõ 'ò,OEõ 'ò,-oe 'n •ó ‚ß ‚Á ‚« ‚È ‚Ç‚Ì Šî-{-• ‚AE ‚µ ‚Ä •• •L ‚-Žg-p ‚³ ‚ê ‚Ä ‚¢ ‚é2)•BWattsŽ•-• ‚Ì •\ •¬ ‚Í,‹à '® ƒC ƒI ƒ" ‚Ì ‹Ÿ ‹‹ OE¹ ‚AE ‚µ ‚Ä-° Ž_ ƒj ƒb ƒP ƒ‹,-z ‹É-n ‰ð '£ •i •Ü ‚AE ‚µ ‚Ä ‰-‰» ƒj ƒb ƒP ƒ‹,pHŠÉ •Õ •Ü ‚AE ‚µ‚Ä ƒz ƒE Ž_ ‚ð-p ‚¢,-Ç Ž¿ ‚È ‚ß ‚Á ‚« "ç-OE ‚ª "¾ ‚ç ‚ê ‚é ‚ae ‚¤‚É "Z "x ‚âpH,‰· "x ‚È ‚Ç ‚Ì ‚ß ‚Á ‚« •ð OE• ‚ª •Ý 'è ‚³ ‚ê ‚Ä ‚¢ ‚é2)•B ƒz ƒEŽ_ ‚Ì •ì-p ‹@ •\ ‚Ì •Ú •× ‚É ‚ ‚¢ ‚Ä ‚Í,ŠÉ •Õ •ì-p •à3),ƒj ƒb ƒP ƒ‹ •Í •o •G "} •à4)•E5),‚¨‚ae ‚Ñ •… 'f "-• ¶-} • § •à6)‚È ‚Ç ‚ª 'ñ ˆÄ ‚³ ‚ê ‚Ä ‚¢ ‚é •B ‚Ü‚½,ƒz ƒEŽ_ ‚Ì •ì-p ‚Í,'á "d-¬ ‚AE•‚ "d-¬-§ "x ˆae ‚ňقň٠‚È ‚é7)‚± ‚AE ‚à •ñ •• ‚³‚ê ‚Ä ‚¢ ‚é•B ƒz ƒE Ž_ ‚Ì-ð Š" ‚É ‚ ‚¢ ‚Ä ‚Í •s-¾ ‚È "_ ‚ª '½ ‚¢ ‚à‚Ì ‚Ì, "' •F ŠO ŠÏ,"ç-OE ‰ž-Í ‚â ‰" •« ‚È ‚Ç ‚Ì•¨ •« ‚ð‰ü 'P ‚· ‚é-ð Š" ‚ðŽ• ‚ ‚AE ‚³ ‚ê,•H ‹AE "I ‚É ‚Í ƒj ƒb ƒP ƒ‹ ‚ß ‚Á ‚« ‚É ‚Í OE ‡ ‚© ‚¹ ‚È ‚¢ •¬ •ª ‚Å ‚ ‚é8)•B ‚µ ‚© ‚µ,1999"N2OEŽ,ƒz ƒE'f ‚ª ‰ä •' ‚Ì ŠÂ ‹« Šî •€ ‚É ‰Á ‚¦ ‚ç‚ê9),‚± ‚ê ‚ð Žó ‚¯‚Ä ƒz ƒE 'f ‚Ì "r •… ‹K • § 'l ‚ª OEˆ'OEˆ'è ‚³ ‚ê ‚ae ‚¤ ‚AE ‚µ ‚Ä ‚¢ ‚é•B OE» •Ý, ‚ß ‚Á ‚«-• ' † ‚Ì ƒz ƒE Ž_ ‚Ì OEø ‰Ê "I ‚È "r •… •ˆ-• ‹Z •p ‚Í,-¢ ‚¾ Šm-§ ‚³ ‚ê ‚Ä ‚¢ ‚È ‚¢ •B ‚± ‚Ì ‚½ ‚ß,‚ß ‚Á ‚«‰Á •H-Ê ‚ª '½ ‚-,‚© ‚Â,-•-e-Ê ‚Ì '½ ‚¢ Šù ' ¶ ‚Ì ƒj ƒbƒP ƒ‹ ‚ß ‚Á ‚«-• ‚Ì ƒz ƒEŽ_ ‚Ì'Î •ô ‚ª ‹}-± ‚AE ‚È ‚Á ‚Ä ‚¢ ‚é•B '˜ ŽÒ ‚ç ‚Í,ƒj ƒb ƒP ƒ‹ ‚ß ‚Á ‚«-• ‚Ì ƒz ƒE Ž_ ‚Ì 'ã 'Ö •¨ Ž¿ ‚Ì OEŸ "¢ ‚ð,ƒn ƒ‹ ƒZ ƒ‹ ŽŽ OE± ‚âpH"H 'è ‹È •ü ‚Ì 'ª 'è ‚È ‚Ç ‚É ‚ae ‚è•s ‚Á ‚½lo)•B ‚» ‚Ì OE‹ ‰Ê, ƒN ƒG ƒ"Ž_,‚¨‚ae‚¨‚ae ‚Ñ ƒN ƒG ƒ"Ž_ ƒj ƒb ƒP ƒ‹ ‚ª,ƒz ƒE Ž_ ‚AE"¯-l ‚É ƒj ƒb ƒP ƒ‹ ƒC ƒI ƒ" ‚AE‚Ì •ö 'Ì OE`OE`•¬ ‚ª ŠÖ-^ ‚µ‚½pHŠÉ •Õ ‹" "® ‚ðŽ¦ ‚µ,ƒz ƒE Ž_ ‚Ì 'ã 'Ö •¨ Ž¿ ‚AE ‚µ ‚Ä ‚Ì ‰Â "\ •« ‚ðOE© •o ‚µ ‚½ •B-{ OE¤ ‹ † ‚Å ‚Í,ƒz ƒEŽ_ ‚Ì 'ã 'Ö ‚AE ‚µ‚Ä ƒN ƒG ƒ"Ž_ ‚ð-p ‚¢ ‚½ "d ‹C ƒj ƒb ƒP ƒ‹ ‚ß ‚Á ‚«-•(ˆÈ ‰º,ƒN ƒG ƒ"Ž_ ‰-• ‚AE-ª ‹L ‚· ‚é)‚É ‚ ‚¢ ‚Ä,‚ß ‚Á ‚«-•'g •¬ ‚â ‚ß ‚Á ‚«•ðOE• ‚ð•Ï‰» ‚³‚¹ ‚Ä‚ß ‚Á ‚«ŽŽ OE± ‚ð•s ‚¢,‚ß ‚Á ‚«ŠOŠÏ, "ç-OE ‚Ì•\-Ê OE`'Ô,‰A ‹É"d-¬ OEø-¦,‚¨‚ae‚Ñ‚¨‚ae‚Ñ-• ‚ÌpHŠÉ •Õ•« ‚È ‚Ç‚É‚Â ‚¢ ‚Ä,WattsŽ•-• ‚AE"ä Šr ‚µ‚ÄOEŸ "¢ ‚µ‚½•B ‚Ü‚½,ƒN ƒG ƒ"Ž_ ‰-• ' † ‚Ì ƒNƒG ƒ"Ž_ ‚Ì' ¶ •Ý•ó 'Ô ‚ð'² ‚× ‚½•B 2.ŽÀ OE± •û-@ ŽÀ OE± ‚É ‹Ÿ ‚µ ‚½ ‚ß ‚Á ‚«-• ‚Ì'g •¬ ‚AE ‚ß ‚Á ‚«•ð OE• ‚ð•\1‚É Ž¦ ‚· •B ‚ß ‚Á ‚«-• ‚ÌOEš-• ‚Í,•ö-¯ •… ‚AE,‰-Šî •« 'Y Ž_ ƒj ƒb ƒP ƒ‹ˆÈƒ‹ˆÈ ŠO ‚Í ‚· ‚× ‚Ä "Á ‹‰ ŽŽ-ò ‚ð-p ‚¢,pH'² •® ‚Í ‰-Šî •« 'Y Ž_ ƒj ƒb ƒP ƒ‹,‚¨‚ae‚¨‚ae ‚Ñ Šó-° Ž_ ‚É ‚ae ‚è•s ‚Á ‚½ •B ƒN ƒG ƒ"Ž_ ‚Í,ƒN ƒG ƒ" Ž_ˆêŽ_ˆê •… ˜a •¨ ‚ð-p ‚¢ ‚½ •B ‚Ü‚½,‚ß ‚Á ‚«-• ' † ‚Å ƒN ƒG ƒ" Ž_ ‚Í ƒj ƒb ƒP ƒ‹ ‚AE‚Ì •ö 'Ì ‚Ì OE`OE`•¬ ‚ª •l ‚¦ ‚ç ‚ê ‚éiO)‚½‚ß, ‚ß ‚Á ‚«-• OEš-• OEã16Žž ŠÔˆÈŠÔˆÈ •ã •ú 'u ‚µ‚Ä ‚© ‚ç‚ß ‚Á ‚«ŽÀ OE± ‚ð •s ‚Á ‚½ •B ‚ß ‚Á ‚«ŠO ŠÏ ‚É ‹y ‚Ú ‚· ƒNƒG ƒ"Ž_ "Z "x ‚Ì ‰e ‹¿ ‚Í,ƒn ƒ‹ ƒZ ƒ‹ ŽŽ OE±-@ll) ‚É ‚ae ‚èOEŸ "¢ ‚µ ‚½ •B ƒj ƒb ƒP ƒ‹ ‚ß ‚Á ‚«Šî " ‚É ‚Í ƒn ƒ‹ ƒZ ƒ‹ ‰© "º "Â,-z ‹É ‚É ‚Í "d ‰ð ƒj ƒb ƒP ƒ‹ " ‚ð-p ‚¢ ‚½ •B ƒn ƒ‹ ƒZ ƒ‹ ŽŽ OE± •ð OE• ‚Í,‰t-Ê250 mL,'• "d-¬ ‚Í,3Aˆê 'è ‚AE ‚µ,5•ª ŠÔ 'Ê "d ‚µ‚½ •B ‚ß ‚Á ‚«-• ‚Ì •‰ Šú ‰· "x ‚Í,323K‚É •Ý 'è ‚µ,‚Ü ‚½,‚ß ‚Á ‚«-• ‚Ì ‚© ‚-"q ‚Í •s ‚í ‚È Table 1 Ni plating bath composition and plating condition. 26