The UNAM-MARine Aerosol Tank (UNAM-MARAT): an evaluation of the ice-nucleating abilities of seawater from the Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican Pacific

Abstract

Although several studies have shown that sea spray aerosol (SSA) has the potential to act as ice-nucleating particles (INPs) impacting cloud formation, there is a lack of marine INP studies in tropical latitudes. This is partly due to the unavailability of local oceanographic cruises that perform aerosol-cloud interaction studies in the tropics, as well as the scarcity of appropriate aerosol and cloud microphysics instrumentation. The present study shows the development of the UNAM-MARine Aerosol Tank (UNAM-MARAT; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), a device that simulates wave breaking to generate SSA particles with the main purpose of characterizing their physicochemical properties including their ice-nucleating abilities. The UNAM-MARAT was characterized using Instant Ocean Sea Salt, and its potential to study ambient seawater was evaluated with seawater samples collected from the Port of Veracruz (PoV) in the Gulf of Mexico, the Bay of Acapulco (BoA), and the Bay of Santiago-Manzanillo (BoSM) in the Mexican Pacific Ocean. The portable and automatic UNAM-MARAT is able to generate aerosol particle concentrations as high as 2000 cm-3 covering a wide range of sizes, from 30 nm to 10 μm, similar to those found in the ambient marine boundary layer. The SSA generated from the three natural seawater samples was found to act as INPs via immersion freezing, with INP concentrations as high as 130.7 L-1. The particles generated from the BoA seawater samples were the most efficient INPs, reporting the highest ice-active site density (ns) values between -20 and -30 °C. Our results also show the direct relationship between particle size and its composition. Larger particles (> 1 μm) were found to be enriched in sodium chloride. In contrast, the fraction of Ca2+, Mg2+, and NO3- was found to increase with decreasing particle size from 10 μm to 320 nm. This suggests important differences in the presence of dissolved organic material in the submicron particles related to the sampling zone and possibly the behavior of the SSA.