Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula

Abstract

Esophageal atresia (EA) is one of the most common, life-threatening congenital malformations of the newborn. Today, survival rates are around 95% and mortality is mainly related to extreme prematurity or severe associated malformations, predominately cardiac anomalies. Operative reconstruction of the esophagus or, in cases of long distance between the esophageal segments, replacement with other organs (stomach, colon, jejunum) is the surgical option. A large variety of operative strategies have been discussed in the past to achieve continuity from the mouth to the stomach. Short-term complications are strictures of the anastomotic region and tracheomalacia. Long-term problems are insufficient propulsive peristalsis, gastric reflux into the esophagus, leading to esophagitis and/or recurrent aspiration. Despite these long-term problems, the overall health-related quality of life in adults is good. However, long-term follow-up studies into adulthood, including esophageal function studies, are needed.