Historical Centers: An exploratory comparison of sustainable applications in urban renewal projects – Najaf and Karbala, Iraq

Abstract

This study examines sustainability initiatives in urban renewal projects in the canter of the holy cities of Najaf and Karbala, two cities of historical and cultural importance to the Islamic world in general, and to the Shiite community in particular. The study aims to evaluate the current situation in the two cities, and emphasizes the different methods for preserving the heritage and enhancing public spaces in the cities of Najaf and Holy Karbala, which were shaped by their unique historical, cultural and urban features. Despite a shared commitment to protecting their historical heritage, these cities face challenges in integrating modern technology and engaging the community in environmental conservation efforts. A questionnaire was conducted directed to experts to determine development priorities through seven main indicators of sustainability concepts and tested on the research case study. The results showed in the canter of the holy city of Karbala a clear preference for indicators of social integration and suitability of areas open to visitors (between the two holy shrines) with a clear weakness in indicators of preservation and provision of transportation. Public and community participation in development projects. While the results in the centre of the Holy City of Najaf showed a clear preference in maintenance, development, and transportation work for people with special needs, and delegations of visitors, this difference could be due to the nature of the spaces surrounding the Holy Shrine in the canter of the Holy Shrine of Najaf at the expense of open spaces for the residents of the region. The research recommends developing a plan that takes into account sustainability and aims to balance the needs of residents and visitors alike, with a focus on spatial and functional gradation to achieve sustainability requirements within the main research indicators.