Electrochemical Techniques for the Elimination of Pesticides from Wastewater: Challenges and Emerging Directions

Abstract

This review presents a comprehensive overview of electrochemical-based technologies as emerging and sustainable methods for treating pesticide-contaminated wastewater. Core processes, including electro-Fenton, electrocoagulation, and electrochemical oxidation, as well as their hybrid combinations, have demonstrated high degradation efficiency, operational flexibility, and the ability to achieve complete mineralization of persistent pesticides. A bibliometric analysis covering 1997–2025 reveals growing global interest in these technologies, particularly in hybrid systems such as photoelectro-Fenton and solar-assisted electrochemical treatments, which offer improved degradation rates and reduced energy demand. Compared to conventional and biological approaches, electrochemical methods provide superior pollutant removal without generating excessive sludge or secondary contamination. Future advancements should focus not only on optimizing operational parameters but also on overcoming current methodological limitations through the development of durable and selective electrode materials and the integration of renewable energy sources, ultimately enhancing process efficiency and sustainability. Coupling electrochemical treatments with complementary physicochemical or biological methods may further improve mineralization and reduce costs. Overall, electrochemical technologies represent a promising pathway toward efficient, scalable, and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment systems capable of mitigating pesticide pollution and protecting aquatic ecosystems.