Gender Inequality in Public Toilets from the Perspective of Urban Feminist Theory

Abstract

This study examines gender inequality in public restroom access through the lens of urban feminist theory. While many cities adopt a 1:1 ratio for male and female restroom facilities, this seemingly equal distribution results in unequal outcomes. Women often face longer wait times due to biological differences, caregiving responsibilities, and restroom design biases. Studies show that women wait up to six times longer than men and use restrooms for longer periods. Inadequate amenities and safety concerns further exacerbate these disparities, particularly in developing regions. This paper utilizes key urban feminist concepts, such as intersectionality, spatial justice, and participatory planning, to provide a framework for addressing these issues. The study argues for solutions such as increasing women’s restroom facilities, implementing gender-neutral restrooms, and revising building codes to create more equitable public spaces. By incorporating women’s needs into urban planning, this research further advocates for genuine gender equality in public restroom access.