Prevalence and risk factors of early childhood caries in the Middle East region: A systematic review

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the prevalence and risk factors of early childhood caries (ECC) in the Middle East region in the age group 0–6 years. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in three major databases, Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane database, from January 1, 1960 to December 31, 2020, to identify the published literature on the prevalence and risk factors of ECC. All preschool children of 0–6 years of age irrespective of gender and socioeconomic status from the selected geographics were included. Results: A total of 26 full-text articles with a study population of 14,479, age group 0–6 years, were included in the study. The overall ECC prevalence in the Middle East region ranged from 26.50 to 99% in the 0–6-years age group. The mean decayed missing filled teeth ranged from 0.95 to 16.9, reported in studies from Jeddah, West Province, and Al-Jouf, Northern region of Saudi Arabia. In the United Arab Emirates, the prevalence ranged from 41 to 83%. The evaluation of the included studies revealed a total of 103 risk factors for ECC. Low socioeconomic status, dietary habits, poor oral hygienic attitude and behaviors, and poor access and availability of dental care services were the major risk factors. Most studies found low socioeconomic status, gender, age of the child, parents’ education, low maternal education, and type of school to be significant risk factors for ECC. Children attending public schools were at a greater risk of having ECC. Gender (male) was another important risk factor. Conclusion: ECC can be prevented by focusing on prevention programs of dental caries, developing awareness-generating programs focusing on oral health education, and increasing access and availability of dental care services.