Understanding the Mechanism of Diels-Alder Reactions with Anionic Dienophiles: A Systematic Comparison of [ECX] − (E = P, As; X = O, S, Se) Anions

Abstract

While Diels−Alder (DA) reactions involving neutral or cationic dienophiles are well-known, the characteristics of the analogous reactions with anionic dienophiles are practically unexplored. Herein we present the first comparative computational investigations on the characteristics of DA cycloadditions with anionic dienophiles on the basis of the reactions of [ECX]− anions (E = P, As; X = O, S, Se) with 2H-pyran-2-one. All of these reactions were found to be both kinetically and thermodynamically feasible, enabling synthetic access toward 2-phosphaphenolate and arsaphenolate derivatives in the future. This study also reveals that the [ECO]− anions show clear regioselectivity, while for [ECS]− and [ECSe]− anions, the two possible reaction channels have very similar energetics. Additionally the activation barriers for the [ECO]− anions are lower than those of the heavier analogues. The observed differences can be traced back to the starkly differing nucleophilic character of the pnictogen center in the anions, leading to a barrier-lowering effect in the case of the [ECO]− anions. Furthermore, analysis of the geometries and electron distributions of the corresponding transition states revealed structure−property relationships, and thus a direct comparison of the cycloaddition reactivity of these anions was achieved. Along one of the two pathways, a good correlation was found between the activation barriers and suitable nucleophilicity descriptors (nucleophilic Parr function and global nucleophilicity). Additionally, the tendency of the reaction energies can be explained by the changing aromaticity of the products.