Molecular characterization of undifferentiated-type gastric carcinoma

Abstract

As the great majority of gastric cancers develop histologically differentiated, and a significant proportion of differentiated-type carcinomas progress to become undifferentiated, both histological types are likely to share several common genetic abnormalities, such as p53 mutations at advanced stages. However, a subset of gastric cancers develop as undifferentiated carcinomas, including signet-ring cell carcinoma and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, and the molecular pathogenesis of this tumor type remains largely unknown. To characterize the molecular features of undifferentiated-type gastric carcinomas that developed as undifferentiated-type, we examined for p53, APC, and epithelial (E)-cadherin gene mutations, microsatellite alterations including loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and microsatellite instability (MSI), and hypermethylation of the E-cadherin gene promoter in 26 early undifferentiated gastric carcinomas, consisting of 14 signet-ring cell carcinomas and 12 poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas. E-cadherin expression was evaluated immunohistochemically. p53 mutations were detected in only one poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma sample (3.8%; 1/26), whereas no APC or E-cadherin mutations were found. LOH was present only at D8S261 on the short arm of chromosome 8 in 2 of 14 (14%) informative tumors, both of which were poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas, and MSI was not observed in any of the tumors. No signet-ring cell carcinomas have been found to carry gene mutations or microsatellite alterations. In contrast, hypermethylation of the E-cadherin promoter occurred in 69% (18/26) of the tumors; 57% (8/14) of signet-ring cell carcinomas, and 83% (10/12) of poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas, and was significantly associated with loss or reduced expression of E-cadherin. Thus, whereas tumor suppressor gene mutation, LOH, and MSI were less common in undifferentiated-type early gastric carcinomas, epigenetic inactivation of E-cadherin via promoter hypermethylation may be an early critical event in the development of undifferentiated tumors.