Cost-Effectiveness of Treating Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Prior Hyperkalemia with Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System Inhibitor and Patiromer: A Swiss Public Healthcare Perspective

Abstract

Introduction: Hyperkalemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Patiromer (Veltassa®) is an oral potassium binder indicated for the treatment of hyperkalemia in adults. We evaluated the impact of patiromer on the Swiss healthcare resources when used in patients with CKD and hyperkalemia who were on renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitor (RAASi) treatment. Methods: We built a decision tree and calculated the number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent hyperkalemia, hospitalization, and death based on published aggregated data. The decision tree was populated with available data from relevant patiromer clinical trials and data were applied to create a simple model showing the expected effectiveness of adding patiromer to the treatment of patients with medium-to-severe stage CKD on RAASi compared to RAASi only. Adapting the model to the Swiss healthcare system allowed us to estimate the impact of the new treatment on healthcare expenditures from a payer as well as a Swiss public healthcare perspective. Results: Patiromer reduced the absolute risk for recurrent hyperkalemia by 48% within 8 weeks, resulting in an NNT of 2.1 [95% CI 1.4, 3.7]. If one assumes that 90%, 50%, or 10% of all moderate-to-severe hyperkalemic events lead to hospitalization, the NNT to prevent one hospitalization would be 2.5, 4.4, and 22.2, respectively. On the basis of the death rate of patients with mild or moderate-to-severe hyperkalemia, and the prevalence of mild or moderate-to-severe hyperkalemia in the treatment and control groups, the NNT was 78.7 [95% CI 64.0, 99.3] to prevent one death. Patiromer resulted in expected cost offsets of CHF 303 (1 CHF = 0.95 EUR as of 2022) per patient over 8 weeks in Switzerland. Conclusion: Patiromer used for the treatment of CKD reduces hyperkalemia recurrence leading to improved patient care. This results in substantial offset costs for the Swiss healthcare system.