The buffering effect of spousal support in later life: mediated and moderated pathways from negative life events to loneliness among older adults

Abstract

Objectives: Based on stress response theory and the social ecological model, this study systematically examines the mechanisms underlying the impact of negative life events (NLEs) on loneliness among older adults, with a focus on the mediating role of marital satisfaction (MS) and the moderating effects of spousal support. Methods: Employing a cross-sectional design, we administered standardized assessment tools—including the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3), NLEs Inventory, ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Brief Scale, and Spousal Support Scale—to a national convenience-sample of individuals aged 60 years and above, yielding 469 valid participants. Results: Results indicate that NLEs exert both direct and indirect effects on loneliness, with the latter operating via reduced MS. Notably, spousal support demonstrates dual moderating effects: Low levels of support amplify the detrimental impact of adversity on marital quality and thereby intensify loneliness; whereas high levels counteract these negative pathways and foster relational resilience. Discussion: This study provides the first empirical evidence for the dual-directional moderating role of spousal support, which not only buffers against stress but also cultivates relational adaptability. Findings offer critical theoretical insights for developing family-centered mental health interventions tailored to older adults.