Introduction

Abstract

Plant reproduction can be accomplished by sexual or asexual means. Sexual reproduction produces ospring by the fusion of gametes, resulting in ospring genetically dierent from the parent or parents. Asexual reproduction produces new individuals without the fusion of gametes, genetically identical to the parent plants and each other, except when mutations occur. In seed plants, the ospring can be packaged in a protective seed, which is used as an agent of dispersal.