Biodegradation of 7-Hydroxycoumarin in Pseudomonas mandelii 7HK4 via ipso-Hydroxylation of 3-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-propionic Acid

Abstract

A gene cluster, denoted as hcdABC, required for the degradation of 3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid has been cloned from 7-hydroxycoumarin-degrading Pseudomonas mandelii 7HK4 (DSM 107615), and sequenced. Bioinformatic analysis shows that the operon hcdABC encodes a flavin-binding hydroxylase (HcdA), an extradiol dioxygenase (HcdB), and a putative hydroxymuconic semialdehyde hydrolase (HcdC). The analysis of the recombinant HcdA activity in vitro confirms that this enzyme belongs to the group of ipso-hydroxylases. The activity of the proteins HcdB and HcdC has been analyzed by using recombinant Escherichia coli cells. Identification of intermediate metabolites allowed us to confirm the predicted enzyme functions and to reconstruct the catabolic pathway of 3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid. HcdA catalyzes the conversion of 3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid to 3-(2,3,5-Trihydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid through an ipso-hydroxylation followed by an internal (1,2-C,C)-shift of the alkyl moiety. Then, in the presence of HcdB, a subsequent oxidative meta-cleavage of the aromatic ring occurs, resulting in the corresponding linear product (2E,4E)-2,4-dihydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4-dienedioic acid. Here, we describe a Pseudomonas mandelii strain 7HK4 capable of degrading 7-hydroxycoumarin via 3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid pathway.