Metacognition and the 5Cs of Positive Youth Development Programs: A Review of Metacognitive Interventions

Abstract

Positive youth development (PYD) programs have increased positive outcomes for adolescents, however research on the underlying change processes in these programs remains limited. The 5Cs (Competence, Confidence, Character, Caring and Connection) of PYD are a framework of desirable outcomes for youth programs. Change to metacognition is proposed as a mechanism by which PYD programming accomplishes these outcomes. This review describes findings from metacognitive interventions with PYD-relevant outcomes in adolescents aged 10-24. Fifteen electronic databases were searched using keyword phrases related to “metacognitive intervention” and “adolescents”. Seventeen studies met inclusion criteria. Included studies addressed 2 of the 5 goals of PYD programs (competence and confidence). Four studies included Randomized Control Trial and nine studies used quasi-experimental designs. Statistically significant improvements to study outcomes were seen in every study but one, with most studies examining cognitive competencies. Themes in the studies included 1) explicit instruction in metacognition and 2) measurement of metacognition. Metacognitive changes may, at least in part, explain the effects of PYD programs. Researchers should consider including metacognitive measures to explore their relationship to program outcomes. Understanding the change underlying PYD interventions will enhance researchers’ and practitioners’ ability to facilitate constructive and positive development in youth.